In this research, effects of pre-steaming of fir wood (Abies alba) on the ACC preservative absorption, retention, and depth of penetration were investigated. Pre-steaming was carried out at 120, 140 and 160°C for one hour under 2 to 3 bars pressure. Steaming was carried out for bastard sawn boards with green dimensions of 250×100×50 millimeter and average initial moisture content of 30%. After moisture conditioning of wood samples, they were impregnated with ACC preservative solution with 5% concentration using low pressure process. Then, the impregnation properties were measured. The image J software was also used to determine the wood cross section impregnation. Results showed that pre-steaming at 140 and 160oC significantly increased the absorption, retention, and depth of preservative penetration, however, no significant difference was observed between the control specimens with those pre-steamed at 120oC. Furthermore, the results showed that the wood impregnation properties, including absorption and depth of penetration improved by increasing steaming temperature from 120 to 160o C.

A new CHROMATE-selective electrode, based on the N, N' butylen bis (saliciliden iminato) COPPER (II) complex as the membrane carrier, was developed. The electrode exhibited a good Nernstian slope of -28.8±0.5 mV/decade and a linear range of 3.0 x 10-6 -1.0 X 10-1 mol.L-1 for CHROMATE. The limit of detection was 3.0 x 10-6 mol.L-1. It had a fast response time of 5-10 sec and could be used for more than three months. The selective coefficients were determined by the Fixed Interference Method (FIM). A CHROMATE-selective electrode could be used in the pH range of 6.5-10.5. It was employed as an indicator electrode for the direct determination of CHROMATE in real samples.

Growth in industry creates environmental problems. This has been an important subject of debate during recent decades. At present, a consideration of polluting agents and conducting research on them, are among important issues.Leakage of water borne preservatives out of impregnated wood, unavoidable in the process of bleaching, contributes to pollution. In order to minimize leaching processes, preservative salts ought to be fixed in wood. In this study, fixation rates of ACC (ACID COPPER CHROMATE) in oak sap and heartwood were compared at 17, 27 and 50°C temperatures. The required 6 cm thick specimens were made out of oak.In order to' get free preservative solution from sample, the sample was squeezed, the resulted extract being analyzed to determine concentration of active agents such as Cr6+, total Cr and Cu. Extracting was continued until the concentration of these materials was lowered to a minimum of their level, which would indicate full fixation (99.98 percent of Cr6+).The results indicated the positive effect of temperature on rate of fixation. At higher temeratures fixation rate was more considerable. Amount of Cr6+ in extract lowered with higher fixation rate and that was more pronounced in heartwood as compared with the sap. Fixation time at 50°C temperature was 134 hours for sapwood (6 days) while for heartwood it was 284 hours (12 days).Under conditions of 27 degrees, measured time was 858 hrs (36 days) for sapwood and 1022 hrs (43 days) for heartwood. Under conditions of 17 degrees, rate of fixation was found 10 be very slow (about 2877 hours or approximately 4 months). Cr fixation reached 99.97% but Cu and Cr were still measurable in extracts.

A new supramolecular compound of adeninium bis(pyridine-2, 6-dicarboxylate) CHROMATE(III) pyridine-2, 6-dicarboxylic ACID tetrahydrate (AdH+)[Cr(pydc)2](H2pydc). 4H2O (1) (where Ad and H2pydc are adenine and pyridine-2, 6-dicarboxylic ACID, respectively) was synthesized via proton transfer method and its structure was determined using single crystal X-ray diffraction technique. This compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal system with Pbca space group and the unit cell parameters are a = 14. 180(14), b = 13. 036(12), c = 33. 98(3) Å and α = β = γ = 90˚ . The final R value is 0. 053 for 2523 independent reflections. The asymmetric unit of compound 1 contains anionic, cationic and neutral species. The anionic part is a complex of Cr(III) with two coordinated pyridine-2, 6-dicarboxylate groups and the cationic part is a protonated adenine. The neutral part has one molecule of pyridine-2, 6-dicarboxylic ACID and four hydration water molecules. The Cr(III) atom in compound 1 adopts a distorted octahedral coordination geometry. All six coordination sites have been occupied by two deprotonated pyridine-2, 6-dicarboxylate ligands. Non-covalent and intermolecular interactions i. e. Hydrogen bonds and C = O… π interactions are responsible for the self-assembled and regular structure of 1.

In this research, the COPPER extraction from the activated COPPER concentrate of Miduk mine was studied by leaching in the diluts sulfuric ACID solution. The effect of mechanical activation on the roasting was studied and the combined effect of activation and roasting on the leaching processes was investigated. Samples of sulfide concentrate mixed with lime were activated under air atmosphere and oxygen for different times. minimum temperature and required time for roasting were obtained using thermal analysis (TG-DSC). The activated samples were roasted in argon and air atmosphere in 750oC for 20minutes. The samples roasted under air atmosphere and a sample of inactivated concentrate was leached for different times. The results of XRD phase analysis indicated that activated samples under the air atmosphere a significant amount of sulfur in concentrate is converted into CaS and CaSO4 as a result of roasting. The result of atomic absorption analysis showed that about 70% of COPPER recovery reached in the first 30 minutes of leaching process and increase of time until 4 hours had littel impact on COPPER recovery. Due to insolubility of CaS and CaSO4 in ACID, the sulfur remains in solid waste of leaching. This waste contains CaS, CaSO4, Fe2O3 and insoluble silicates.

Chromium (VI) is a highly toxic heavy metal which may be present in cementitious materials (CM) within its constituting elements or external sources and could alter the structure of CM and reduce its compressive strength. Therefore penetration of chromium is an important consideration in environmental engineering concrete structures. For estimating diffusivity of chromium (CHROMATE ion) in cementitious materials, this paper presents an accelerated migration test method for determining the non-steady-state migration coefficient following the simplified Nernst-Planck equation. Likewise, the influence of water-to-cement ratio (w/c), the applied voltage the chromium binding capacity of cement mortar specimen (CMS) and the realistic concentration profile was investigated. For calculation of migration coefficient, the color reagent diphenylamine sulfonate was identified to determine the penetration depth of chromium into the CMS visually. The concentration of chromium was estimated to be about 0. 025 percent (wt of CMS) at the discolored border region, and a drop of potential about 3. 4 volts was derived. The changes in the microstructure of the CMS due to chromium migration testing were studied. The migration coefficient of CMS obtained between 1. 06×10-12 m2/s to 3. 25×10-12 m2/s. The w/c of about 0. 50 has the highest migration coefficient. The realistic chromium concentration profile in the migration test has a gradual front, and a quadratic curve obeys.

Salicylic ACID (SA) plays a key role in plant disease resistance and hypersensitive cell death but is also implicated in hardening responses to abiotic stress. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of salicylic ACID on the growth, eco-physiological and biochemical characteristics in Zinnia elegans plant exposed to COPPER stress. Effects of COPPER (Cu) on biomass, root length and shoot height and Cu uptake are also discussed. This experiment was arranged as a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with four replications in greenhouse conditions. The experimental treatment consisted of four levels of Cu (0, 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg in potted soil) and three levels of salicylic ACID (0, 1, 2 mM) as foliar spray and chelate to soil. Results showed that with increasing levels of COPPER, reductions in shoot and root growth, leaf area and leaf number were statistically significant (p<0.01). Analysis of some biochemical indices (chlorophyll content) and eco-physiological indices such as primary florescence chlorophyll (Fo), ratio of variable chlorophyll to maximum (Fv/Fm) in treated plants were statistically significant (p<0.01). The results showed that COPPER accumulation was higher in the roots than shoots. The Fluorescence measurements showed that primary florescence chlorophyll (Fo) was increased but maximum florescence chlorophyll (Fm) was decreased progressively with increasing Cu. Salicylic ACID significantly increased root and shoot growth and chlorophyll content in COPPER stressed plants. SA applying as chelate 2 mM also showed an increased level of tolerance toward high Cu concentrations. The results support the conclusion that SA alleviates Cu toxicity.

In this survey, the method of chromium extraction from potassium CHROMATE and sedimentation on COPPER cathode by the method of hydrometallurgy has been considered. This method includes two stages: solvate and electrolysis. In the solvate stage, the effect of the concentration of chromium and the sulfuric ACID to potassium CHROMATE ratio was studied and in the electrolysis stage, the effect of density of current, pH, the distance between anode and cathode, the concentration of electrolyte and the temperature has been studied. The optimum conditions of extraction of chromium from electrolyte in the electrolysis stage have been specified so: density of current of 8-10 A/dm2, pH 1.8-2, the distance between anode and cathode 1.5-3.5 cm, concentration of chromium of 5 g/l, the concentration of nanographene powder of 1 g/l in the temperature of 40-50oC has been specified. In this study, characterization of nanocomposites has been done to study their resistive features against any type of scratch or rubbing. In these surveys increase in resistance for chromium-graphene nanocomposite was shown. Also it was concluded that although a COPPER plate with chromium layer has enough surface solidity, maximum tensional resistance, rendition resistance and elongation percentage, but resistance against stroke for this plane is low and the COPPER plate with chromium-graphene plate exhibits better pulse resistance characteristics.